Ministerial roundtable one and two on ‘good practices in the provision of social protection, public services and sustainable infrastructure including for recognizing and valuing unpaid care and domestic work.’

Geraldine Byrne, Ireland chair of the Commission said that for the first time the commission will focus on the theme of social protection systems, access to public services and sustainable infrastructure for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls. There is a real chance to agree on new normative standards.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres said that the world today is witnessing a deep, pervasive and relentless push back on women’s rights. ‘We will push back against the push back’ he pledged, adding that the UN is also making progress in achieving gender parity.  For instance, his senior management group comprises more women than men.

Marlène Schiappa (France), Security Council President for March underscored that in the last 25 years women have only represented 2% of mediators and 8% of negotiators.

António Guterres emphasized that women’s participation makes peace agreements more durable, but we still need to make sure that women are included in negotiation teams.

Phumzile Mlambo – Ngcuka, Executive Director for UN Women said that women and girls must have a role in shaping the policies, services and infrastructure that impact their lives.

Hillary Gbedemah, Chair of CEDAW said that females are disadvantaged in social protection systems and that domestic and unpaid care must be recognized and valued. Due to childcare responsibilities, women often work part-time which affects their pension contributions, resulting in post-retirement poverty.

The questions asked to ministers were to highlight steps being taken by their government to advance public services for gender equality; national social protection systems that have recognized unpaid care; investments to strengthen public care services to provide long term care to the elderly and the sick; and initiatives taken to mainstream gender perspectives into the design and implementation of essential infrastructure, such as sanitation, clean energy and safe water.

The Russian Federation said that they have recently adopted a measure that increases the pension age by five years, but for women who have taken care of three children the pension age increased only by three years. There are also special benefits to those caring for the sick and the elderly.

The UK said that it has social protection programs for women including pensions, shared parental leave, parental allowance and the right to request a flexible working environment.

Ministerial roundtables three and four on ‘good practices and policies for the design, provision, and implementation of social protection, public services and infrastructure including for the promotion of women’s representation in various sectors and all levels’

Participants were asked what measures have achieved proven results in ensuring women’s equal access to employment opportunities, what steps Governments have taken to ensure adequate wages and working conditions and what examples they can give of national laws and policies that have increased women’s representation in infrastructure sectors.

New Zealand said that agencies and unions worked together to propose initiatives of change to close the wage gap which led to a comprehensive three-year plan.

Finland answered that one way to strengthen social protection is by investing in social workers who are trained in human rights issues.

Germany said that efforts were taken aiming at ensuring that more women reach top positions including increasing quotas within the government.

Zimbabwe said national plans target and reach retirees, persons with disability and other vulnerable groups. Related efforts include broadening land and loan access for women, criminalizing child marriages and improving access to education for all.

Angola highlighted a range of achievements from laws protecting women from domestic violence to a programme to promote birth registration. Today women hold 12 of 31 ministerial appointments and make up 131 of the 354 judges in the judicial system.

Mozambique said that the registration of girls in schools is rising to more than 95%. 

Interactive dialogue on ‘Building alliances for social protection systems, access to public services and sustainable infrastructure for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls’

High level officials from more than 30 countries joined civil society representatives in exchanging best practices and raising national and global concerns during this dialogue. 

Ms. Robinson raised concerns that social protection systems overlook, among other groups, women working in the informal sector.

Ms. Bachelet underlined the importance of financing social protection that favours women. Investing in women is tantamount to investing in universal social protection for all.

Plan International regretted that UN Women is often forgotten by governments. Creating a coherent framework for a global plan for young women is essential.

Cameroon said that the government is implementing a range of programs for vulnerable groups including indigenous women and girls.

Austria said that her country has taken steps to mainstream gender into its general budgeting. Austria traditionally includes civil society in its delegation giving it a voice in forums such as CSW. 

High – level interactive dialogue on ‘Accelerating implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, exchange of best practices in preparation for the Beijing +25 review and appraisal’.

The Executive Director of UN women said we have to see how far we have come and how far we have yet to go. Young people must be involved in the review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action.

A number of governments said that the concept of empowering women physically and economically has been included in all national policies. This will lead to a cultural transformation.

The Dominican Republic said we need to change ways of thinking so that young people can approach gender in an inclusive way.

UN Women said that all branches of government must be involved. No one should be left behind in this review. 

Interactive dialogue on the review of the implementation of the agreed conclusions of the 60^th session of CSW ‘Women’s empowerment and its link to sustainable development’. 

Member states have made progress with good practices emerging in combating gender violence; actively promoting women’s rights as a means to remove structural barriers; initiating gender responsive budgeting; and allocating targeted financing for development.

For Spain the main goal has been shared responsibility and the main challenge the wage gap. 

Interactive dialogues on ‘Enhancing political participation and economic empowerment for women of African descent’ and ‘Addressing inequalities, discrimination and violence faced by women and girls of African descent’.

The slave trade and its lasting effects continue to contribute to the socio-economic disadvantages faced by women and girls of African descent. Evidence based policy is paramount. Women of African descent are highly discriminated against in the workplace, education, housing, and public services. 

Interactive expert panel on the priority theme with a focus on harnessing synergies and securing finance.

Participants stressed the need for more coordinated and multi-sector approaches. Public services, they said such as education, transport, healthcare and energy must be accessible and work in tandem.

The challenge of social protection must aim at raising living standards for women.

Some NGO’s said challenges must go beyond changing policies and address root causes such as the discrimination many African women and girls face.

Many pointed at a dearth of political will in drafting the kind of policies that can make a difference in the lives of women. 

Interactive discussion on women’s empowerment and the lack of sustainable development with a focus on data challenges and opportunities. 

Mohammed Marzooq (Iraq) Vice Chair of the Commission said that significant gaps in gender statistics remain. Information is available for less than a quarter of the indicators required to monitor gender specific elements of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Marginalised groups remain largely invisible in official statistics.

The International Disability Alliance said that while many countries collect disability data the definition of disability is not harmonised. As such data across countries is not comparable and proves inadequate for global monitoring efforts.

Partnerships should be fostered between statisticians, policy makers and organisations to assure appropriate data collection and disaggregation. The 2030 agenda calls for accounting for the progress of everyone without exceptions, doing this means going beyond national averages to assess the outcomes of different groups of women and girls. Single level disaggregation analysis fails to adequately reflect the characteristics of those who are deprived across multiple dimensions.

Some counties asked UN Women to help member states establish and improve comprehensive data collection systems including those for registering births and deaths.

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I attend the UNCSW as a delegate with the Canadian Federation of University Women (CFUW).  Educating myself on women’s issues about which I am ignorant has become extremely important to me as I age.  As a younger woman, raising a son alone and working, I thought I ‘sometimes’ struggled.  Little did I realise that I was living a life of privilege.  I am Canadian, educated, white, middle class, have been self-employed for almost the entirety of my adult life and own property.  I have never given much thought to ‘my rights’ because I thought I was equal.  I have never felt discriminated against, I have never been really hungry, I have never had my home taken from me, experienced domestic violence (or any violence for that matter), or been ‘profiled’.  I have never been incarcerated.  I had a childhood filled with love and support from both my parents.  I have suffered only ‘first world’ problems. What a lot I have to learn about other women’s struggles and the injustices they endure.

The three UNCSWs I have attended helped open my eyes.  I am gaining an understanding of equality issues that both bind and separate women depending on geography, nationality, race (if it exists) and social status.  Sessions at the CSW have humbled me and leave me with immense respect for all the resilient women whom I have met, heard and seen who continue to fight for their basic rights in the face of often overwhelming adversity.  They are undaunted by setbacks and continue their equality campaigns, not just for themselves but for their sisters, daughters, nieces, grand-daughters and great grand-daughters.  Women who have taken up the gauntlet to fight for their ‘sisters’ (activists, lawyers, social workers, physicians, and on and on) also grapple with intolerable opposition.  Murders of women who speak out or write about the fight for equality happen all too frequently.  But still, all these women persevere with passion.  They come to the UNCSW to tell their stories and light the fire for others.

I admit that I leave each CSW both distraught and outraged for how little seems to have been achieved.  The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the UN in December of 1948, enshrining the rights of ALL humans into International law.  Many countries have either signed and not ratified the UDHR (the United States being one) or have not signed at all.  Numerous other treaties and conventions have been issued since the UDHR and still women are fighting each day for basic rights, equality and, all too often, for their lives.  CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 1981), 1995’s Beijing Conference and Platform for Action, the Millennial Development Goals and the subsequent Sustainable Development Goals 2030 have all made women’s equality a priority yet not one country in the world can claim to have achieved it.  In my heart, I remain doubtful that any country, even the most progressive, will be able to accomplish the goals of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action or the SDGs by 2030.   Issues addressed at the CSW63 support my skepticism.  Still, we carry on.

At first glance, this year’s CSW theme (social protection systems, access to public services and sustainable infrastructure for gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls) seemed overwhelming in breadth, however numerous related topics allowed me to concentrate my efforts to attend as many sessions as possible in six days.  These topics included indigenous women’s empowerment, macroeconomics and taxation for gender equality, infrastructure development to both prevent and protect women and non binary persons from violence, the place of childcare in the fight for equality, and the impact of government austerity measures on increased violence against women and women’s poverty.  This latter subject provided some particularly disturbing information.  Many countries are adopting austerity measures to deal with mounting debt.  However, these measures generally include decreasing or eliminating public services which are often followed by private employment sources downsizing.  A decline in social protection services is particularly hard on women because it may also mean lost jobs (either theirs or their partners) and lost health, childcare, legal, emergency housing, protection and/or education services.  Lost employment and economic downturns lead to increased domestic violence (DV).  Outside research suggests that if a male loses his employment there is less DV, however, if the female loses her job, DV increases¹.  Contrary to this are reports of ‘increased DV perpetrated by men when they lose their jobs as increased stress and tension in a home causes them to express their anger, frustration, and fear in a violent manner towards those people dependent upon them.  Feeling a loss of control at work or in personal finances can result in abusers aggressively trying to control the people in their lives.  Stress can cause people to use drugs and alcohol to cope.  Drug and alcohol use are connected to higher rates of domestic violence’².  In Canada, one woman is killed by her intimate partner every six days³.  If there is no political will to change this, given the global economic and political climate and the increase in wealthy ultra-right populist leaders, the impact and frequency of DV worldwide is only going to worsen and women’s rights will continue to be eroded.

On a more positive note, this year’s CSW also acted to cement emerging mainstream feminist vocabulary.  Words and phrases including gender non-conforming (also non-binary identity, gender fluidity), gig economy, social protections, shame based relationships, pan-indigenous, feminist-informed, digital and industrial violence, tax justice, Global North and Global South, etc. informed the over 400 NGO Parallel presentations and 400+ Side Events.  In one session I attended, panelists discussed that change in government policy must begin with the community (bottom up policy development) and the community language will be reflected in this change.

It is always a challenge to select that one session or nugget that alone leaves an indelible mark.  Nevertheless, for me, the thoughtful discussions between political leaders and civil society at the CSW serve to emphasize that there are those in positions of influence and power who are fighting for women’s equality as hard as those of us on the ground.  UN Secretary General Guterres, the Honorable Minister Monsef (Minister of International Development and Minister for Women and Gender Equality in Canada) and Canadian Senator McPhedran, amongst numerous others, gave up their time to meet with NGO representatives to explain not only what has been and is being done for gender equality but also what remains to be accomplished.  Secretary General Guterres, in particular, admitted that we are losing ground regarding women’s rights and encouraged and emboldened participants to ‘push back on the pushback’.

Information to which I was exposed at the UNCSW63 continues to percolate in my mind, especially the widening gap between the rich and poor (which negatively impacts women disproportionately), the fact that somewhere in the world, a billionaire is created every two days, that the excessively wealthy and large monolithic multinational corporations excel at tax avoidance which limits services needed for a robust and equal society.  I am frustrated and angered but ultimately mobilised by these issues (as well as others).  I will continue to attend the CSW when possible and pass on the information I have gathered to all those who will listen.  I want to educate;  I want to inspire discussion;  but more than anything I must be a women’s rights champion.

1. https://phys.org/news/2017-05-link-employment-status-domestic-violence.html
2. https://www.womenscentrecalgary.org/calgary-police-services-reports-an-increase-in-domestic-violence-incidents-in-calgary/
3. https://www.canadianwomen.org/blog/10-reasons-violence-still-a-problem/

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Promoting Gender Equality through Quality Public Education Systems and Services

Yet, only 44% of member states have fully committed to gender equality in education according to the UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report 2018. Member states have both the obligation to close gender inequalities in education and use education as a tool to foster a gender-equal world.

Increased efforts are needed to tackle the systemic barriers in accessing education for women and girls based on the intersection of gender, race, income and location as well as to ensure safe and non-discriminatory learning environments.

Addressing Systemic Barriers for Marginalized Women and Girls
Women and girls in developing countries are more likely to never go to school. In fact, 16 million girls worldwide will not attend school. Globally, harmful traditional practices, child marriage and gender stereotypes prevent women and girls from accessing education. Living in poverty and the lack of school services in close proximity to their homes can also deter women and girls from securing education at all levels. In the Global North, Indigenous women and girls also face systemic barriers to accessing education and a lack of school services in close proximity to their communities.

Early Childhood Education and Care
Only one in two children globally are enrolled in early childhood education and care. Unlike primary and secondary school, early childhood education and care is still predominantly seen as a private responsibility rather than a state responsibility.  This is despite being highlighted as a human rights issue in human rights conventions and agreements such as the Convention on the right of the child. In Canada, early learning and child care services remain unavailable and inaccessible for many families due to high fees, limited licensed spaces and a market-based approach to service provision.

Publicly funded high quality, accessible and affordable early learning and child care can have a transformative impact on children, women and the economy. Early learning and child care is proven to guarantee better developmental outcomes namely by improving school readiness and social integration. Moreover, it can shift the weight of unpaid care work that is traditionally put on women and support gender equality by enabling women to pursue education and skills training as well as securing formal jobs, full time work, and building businesses. Financial institutions such as the IMF and the OECD have also highlighted its cost effectiveness and its high positive impact on economic growth.

Women and Girls Living in Poverty
Women and girls living in low-income families are more likely not to enter school or to drop out of school. This can be explained by the inability to afford fees related to schooling such as textbooks and transportation, and a gender bias favouring boys’ education in some countries. Social expectations for girls to perform care and domestic tasks disproportionately affect girls and women in low-income families.

Securing access to education for girls cannot be isolated from ensuring access to other services and essential infrastructure such as drinking water and sanitation, health and reproductive health services, and safe and adequate housing.

Privatization
The High Commissioner for Human Rights highlights that an increased privatization of school has negative impacts on accessible and free quality education as it can generate disinvestment in public education. This has a direct impact for girls and women’s education. Discriminatory admission requirements as well as the potential lack of compliance with the national curriculum in the private sector are also deterrents to girls’ participation in school.

Women and Girls in Rural and Remote Settings
A majority of women and girls who cannot read come from rural and remote settings. Women represent two thirds of adults who are unable to read or write, a statistic that has not changed in 15 years. Technology can play a key role in providing education and skills training for individuals in rural and remote settings. A focus should also be given to improvement of infrastructure in rural areas with gender-sensitive facilities such as clean and safe sanitary facilities along with safe transportation and culturally sensitive education.

Literacy, Vocational and Skills Training
Vocational and skills training needs to be relevant and to adapt to the changing labour market context. Most adults in middle and low income countries still struggle with basic information and telecommunication technologies (ICT) according to the International Telecommunications Union. Women need to access ICT as well as digital literacy training in order to facilitate their integration into the labour market, to empower them and strengthen their social and financial independence and leadership potential through access to information.

Ensuring Safe and High Quality Learning Environments

Ending Violence in Schools and on Campuses
Gender-based violence is prevalent in many schools and campuses around the world with an estimated 246 million children experiencing school-related violence every year. It has severe impact on women and girls’ well-being, rights and ability to complete an education. Prevention of and response to sexual violence at all levels of education is crucial.

National standards and legislation accompanied by strong transparent monitoring mechanisms are needed to address sexual violence in schools and on campuses.

An inclusive and comprehensive health and sexuality education in primary and secondary school, where concepts such as consent and bystander intervention are taught, can contribute to preventing gender-based violence. Also key to tackling the issue is the training for teachers, staff and students on reporting mechanisms and on the root causes of gender-based violence.

High Quality Unbiased Education
Educational content should be free from gender bias and stereotypes, promote equal relationships and provide gender-responsive instruction. However, many textbooks still reinforce stereotypes, namely by representing women only in specific roles. A teacher’s own gender bias can also contribute to gender inequality in the classroom. In its report on the Realization of the equal enjoyment of the right to education by every girl, the High Commissioner for Human Rights points to the State’s responsibility to ensure that textbooks, curricula and programmes promote gender equality and dismantle harmful stereotypes. Training for teachers and staff in the use of evidence-based teaching and learning strategies to provide education that promotes gender equality and human rights is of significant importance.

We urge member states to:
– Commit to gender equality in education by adopting laws, policies and action plans, strong and transparent monitoring and accountability mechanisms as well as investment in capacity building to identify best practices.

– Ensure access at all levels to quality public education systems, and infrastructure that are gender-sensitive, including primary, secondary, and tertiary education, as well as publicly funded accessible, affordable, inclusive and quality early learning and child care.

– Provide funding to cover indirect costs of education for marginalized populations such as women and girls in poverty as well as strategies and services for such community development as safe drinking water, safe housing and health and reproductive health services.

– Improve access to ICT especially for girls living in rural and remote communities and invest in lifelong learning training that includes ICT skills and digital literacy.

– Ensure that textbooks, curricula, programmes and teaching methods promote gender equality and dismantle harmful stereotypes based on gender, race and religion.

– Provide training for teachers and staff on gender biases and evidence-based gender sensitive curricula that is culturally sensitive and promote human rights and gender equality as well as training on the root causes of gender-based violence and reporting processes.

– Increase and target development assistance investments to support gender equality in education.

In conclusion, education and gender equality are at the heart of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Efforts to ensure SDG4 inclusive and equitable quality education need to fully integrate the commitments to SDG5 to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.

The Canadian Federation of University Women (CFUW) is a non-partisan, voluntary, self-funded organization with over 100 clubs, and close to 8400 members located in every province across Canada. Since its founding in 1919, CFUW has been working to improve the status of women, and to promote human rights, public education, social justice, and peace.

Statement endorsed by:

• Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women
• Graduate Women International
• International Alliance of Women
• National Council of Women of Canada
• YWCA Canada

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The 2030 agenda recognizes the crucial importance of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls in sustainable development (goal5) as essential for achieving all the interconnected goals ant targets.

One way of doing that is by using infrastructure as a driver for change to improve women’s lives by reducing the demands of household and care work, increase the productivity of their enterprises and enable them to move into better jobs or more profitable markets.

Infrastructure consists of high cost investments that if done well can raise economic growth, productivity and land values and contribute to poverty reduction.

Women’s economic empowerment is about economic equality such as closing the gender pay gap, increasing job opportunities etc. But it is also about breaking down barriers that hold women back: from discrimination laws to unfair share of home and family care.

Empirical evidence on women’s time allocation shows clearly that women bear the brunt of domestic tasks processing food crops, providing water and firewood and caring for children.

How can infrastructure enable women’s economic empowerment? Infrastructure provisions can reduce the time women spend on domestic tasks and free up time for productive economic activity.

For example, mobility improvements in transportation infrastructure can have significant effects on women’s physical mobility leading to higher paid jobs for women and new opportunities for business expansion.

Moreover the construction of new transport, ICT and energy facilities can create new job opportunities as for example jobs for women in the transport sector taking on roles as bus drivers, ticket collectors and taxi drivers or in the construction business which increasingly involves women as constructors, semi-skilled and skilled workers, supervisor engineers.  However, in this context women have to break through gender barriers and enter traditionally male dominated sectors.

Unsafe market spaces, transport and public spaces expose women workers and traders to gender based violence and limit their economic opportunities. The perceived and the actual risk of gender based violence have a significant impact on women’s economic participation. Road, rail and port projects can do their part to narrow the gender gap by featuring well lit roads, women only carriages and resting and waiting areas.

It is important to note that infrastructure investment by itself does not result in inclusive growth. The quality and cost of access to services are critical to the potential of these investments to impact low income and marginalized groups whose members are disproportionately women.

We also have to note that most infrastructure is gender blind thus empowering men and reinforcing women’ s role as one which is primarily with household tasks.

In order to engender infrastructure projects women need to be part of the decision making in all phases of these projects. Giving them a voice will help to reduce gender inequality.

Women are usually at the household nexus of water, food and energy and they often know first hand about the challenges and potential solutions in these areas.  So, women are the most convincing advocates for the solutions they need so they should be at the forefront of decision making in sustainable development.  A precondition for engendering infrastructure projects is to amplify women’s collective voice to demand access and use infrastructure and services.

The process of demanding improvements in infrastructure by low income women especially in urban areas can by itself be empowering. This is a key strategy and precondition for engendering infrastructure which can have potentially transformative impacts. At the global level we have a number of women led community driven demands by networks of urban poor that have been very successful in negotiating collectively with municipal authorities for improved infrastructure. They have also transformed women’s involvement in municipal government processes.

We should also monitor the gender outcomes of infrastructure projects and build a database for successful gender approaches that can be replicated or scaled up. We should also elaborate and adopt outcome indicators such as income change for female workers etc.

Unfortunately, most infrastructure is seen to help women deliver outcomes that benefit their family, community and state rather than address their own individual needs. In other words, gender remains framed within an economic empowerment approach where women’s work matters not for women themselves but for their ability to participate in markets. This is a pro market approach that we should reject in favour of an approach that is based on the human rights of women.

So, an important precondition for engendering infrastructure projects and facilitating access to and use of them by women is the adoption of a strategy aiming at challenging social norms that are based on gender stereotypes and influence women’s ability to access and use infrastructural resources at all levels.

Another obstacle to engendering infrastructure projects is the fact that this sector is usually run by people that have technical expertise and are unfamiliar and not sensitive to gender equality or the tools used by gender equality specialists. States should undertake efforts to reconcile the two approaches.

Another constrain to effective mainstreaming has to do with traditional practices like child marriage that perpetuate disparities and violate human rights. Very often the practices of child marriage continue in many countries because there is no capacity of the state to deal with it by employing social workers and elaborating policies to deal with gender based discrimination as well as proceed with structural changes to end this harmful practice. The states should also try to demystify all myths and cultural beliefs surrounding traditional practices.

Finally, the most important question to be asked is whether it is possible to use infrastructure as driver for change as long as neoliberal policies dominate in parts of the world. When subsidies are cut from poor and marginalized groups in rural and urban areas, when funding for social services and social infrastructure especially education and health services are cut, then we should question whether neoliberal approaches to development policies can bring about change. We should also question, whether infrastructure provisions that free up time of women in the developing world for labour force participation in the formal sector is a step forward in empowering these women.

Numerous evidence based on research demonstrates how markets themselves seem to be structured to perpetuate and exploit economic inequality. This model relies heavily on women’s wage labour, especially low wage work in service and manufacturing. The reality that underlines this new model is depressed wage levels, decreased job security, declining living standards, steep rise in the number of hours worked for wages, exacerbation of the double shift and rising poverty increasingly concentrated on female headed households.

How can this process represent empowerment for women? Governments, the private sector, women’s NGOs and feminist groups should work for a new development model that prioritizes people over profits. Equal societies do better on just about every available metric: health, crime rates, education etc.

Recommendations:

Governments should:

• Implement infrastructure projects to reduce the time women spend on domestic tasks and free up time for productive economic activity.
• Implement infrastructure projects that create new job opportunities and that protect women workers and traders from gender based violence.
• Engender infrastructure projects by having women participate in the decision making process in all phases of them.
• Monitor gender outcomes of infrastructure projects and adopt and implement relevant indicators.
• Elaborate infrastructure projects that look after women’s unique needs and experiences.
• Implement strategies aiming at challenging social norms that are based on gender stereotypes and influence women’s access and use of infrastructural resources.

Finally Governments, the Private sector, Women’s NGOs and Feminist groups should work for developmental policies that prioritize people over profits.

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